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Dementia

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epilepsy-seizures
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Symptoms

  • Impairment in short- and long-term memory
  • Difficulty with language, communication, and comprehension
  • Disorientation to time, place, and person
  • Impaired judgment and executive function
  • Behavioral and psychological changes, including apathy, agitation, or depression
  • Challenges in performing activities of daily living

Complications

  • Increased vulnerability to infections, particularly respiratory and urinary tract infections
  • Malnutrition and dehydration
  • Falls and related injuries
  • Progressive functional dependency
  • Emotional and physical strain on caregivers

Causes

  • Neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia)
  • Cerebrovascular pathology (vascular dementia)
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Chronic substance abuse
  • Certain infections and metabolic disorders

Prevention

  • Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including regular physical activity and a balanced diet
  • Effective management of cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia)
  • Cognitive engagement through lifelong learning and mental stimulation
  • Social interaction and community involvement
  • Smoking cessation and moderation of alcohol intake

Risk Factors

  • Advancing age
  • Genetic predisposition and family history
  • Cardiometabolic conditions
  • Low educational attainment
  • History of head trauma

Treatment

  • Pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies can help
  • Behavioral interventions and structured routines
  • Multidisciplinary care approach, including caregiver education and psychosocial support
  • Environmental modifications to ensure safety and enhance quality of life

How is it diagnosed?

How is it diagnosed?
  • Medicines called anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs).
  • Surgery to remove a small part of the brain that's causing the seizures.
  • A procedure to put a small electrical device inside the body that can help control seizures.
  • A special diet (ketogenic diet) that can help control seizures.
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