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Dengue Fever

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Acute

What is Dengue Fever ?

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection caused by the dengue virus (DENV), transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is common in tropical and subtropical regions and can range from mild flu-like illness to severe, life-threatening conditions.

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Symptoms

  • Sudden high fever
  • Severe headache, especially behind the eyes
  • Joint and muscle pain (“breakbone fever”)
  • Nausea, vomiting
  • Skin rash (appears 2–5 days after fever onset)
  • Mild bleeding (nose or gum bleeding, easy bruising)

Complications

  • Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Characterized by bleeding, blood plasma leakage, and low platelet count.
  • Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) Severe form that can lead to shock, organ failure, and death if untreated.
  • Dehydration
  • Liver damage or severe drop in blood pressure in critical cases

Causes

  • Dengue virus (4 serotypes: DENV-1 to DENV-4)
  • Spread through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, which are day-biting and breed in stagnant water

Prevention

  • Mosquito control Eliminate standing water, use insect repellents, and wear long-sleeved clothing.
  • Mosquito nets and screens
  • Community-level vector control programs
  • Dengue vaccine Approved in some countries for people with prior dengue infection (consult a healthcare provider)

Risk factor

  • Living or traveling in dengue-endemic areas
  • Previous infection with a different dengue serotype (increases risk of severe dengue)
  • Weakened immune system
  • older adults, and people with chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes, heart disease)

Treatment

  • Hospitalization may be needed for severe cases (DHF/DSS) to monitor vital signs, fluid balance, and platelet counts
  • Specialist care: Geriatrician if older adults are affected, diagnosis, initial management especially with comorbidities, to manage complications and recovery

How is it diagnosed?

How is it diagnosed?
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