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Sleep Disorders in the Elderly

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Acute

What is Sleep Disorders in the Elderly ?

Sleep disorders are common in older adults and can affect quality of life, physical health, and cognitive function. While aging changes sleep patterns naturally, persistent sleep disturbances may indicate an underlying condition that requires attention.

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Symptoms

  • Difficulty falling or staying asleep (insomnia)
  • Daytime sleepiness or fatigue
  • Frequent nighttime awakenings
  • Restless or non-refreshing sleep
  • Loud snoring or breathing pauses during sleep (possible sleep apnea)
  • Irregular sleep-wake cycles

Complications

  • Poor concentration and memory
  • Increased risk of falls and accidents
  • Worsening of chronic illnesses (e.g., hypertension, diabetes)
  • Mood disturbances (depression, anxiety)
  • Social withdrawal and reduced quality of life

Causes

  • Age-related changes in sleep architecture (lighter, shorter sleep)
  • Chronic medical conditions Pain, heart disease, lung disease, urinary frequency
  • Neurological disorders Dementia, Parkinson’s disease
  • Medications Diuretics, steroids, stimulants, or antidepressants
  • Psychiatric conditions Depression, anxiety
  • Primary sleep disorders
    • Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
    • Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)
    • REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)
    • Circadian rhythm disorders
    • Insomnia

Prevention

  • Limit caffeine, alcohol, and heavy meals before bedtime
  • Create a comfortable, quiet sleeping environment
  • Establish a regular sleep routine
  • Encourage daytime physical activity
  • Manage chronic conditions and adjust medications if needed

Risk factors

  • Advanced age
  • Chronic illnesses
  • Polypharmacy
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Living alone or in institutional care
  • Depression or cognitive impairment

Treatment

  • Sleep hygiene education
  • Treatment of underlying conditions Pain control, managing nocturia, addressing anxiety or depression
  • Specialist involvement
    • Geriatrician For holistic assessment and safe sleep management

How is it diagnosed?

How is it diagnosed?
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