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Osteoporosis

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Acute

What is Osteoporosis ?

Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become weak, brittle, and more likely to fracture. It develops silently over time and is especially common in older adults, particularly postmenopausal women.

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Symptoms

  • Often asymptomatic until a fracture occurs
  • Back pain (due to vertebral compression fractures)
  • Loss of height over time
  • Stooped posture
  • Fragility fractures (especially hip, spine, and wrist)

Complications

  • Fractures, particularly of the hip, spine, and wrist
  • Chronic pain and disability
  • Decreased mobility and independence
  • Increased risk of falls and further fractures
  • Higher mortality after hip fractures

Causes

  • Aging and hormonal changes (e.g., decreased estrogen after menopause)
  • Calcium and vitamin D deficiency
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Long-term use of corticosteroids
  • Certain medical conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disorders)

Prevention

  • Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D
  • Regular weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercises
  • Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol
  • Bone density screening for at-risk individuals
  • Fall prevention strategies

Risk Factors

  • Older age
  • Female sex, especially postmenopausal
  • Family history of osteoporosis
  • Low body weight or small frame
  • Smoking and alcohol use
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Certain medications and chronic diseases

Treatment

  • Calcium and vitamin D supplementation
  • Medications like bisphosphonates, denosumab, or hormone therapy
  • Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise)
  • Fall risk assessment and prevention
  • Monitoring bone density with DEXA scans

How is it diagnosed?

How is it diagnosed?

Biological medicines are made from proteins or other substances produced by the body. Biological medicines that can be used to treat osteoporosis include denosumab and romosozumab. They may be recommended if you cannot take other medicines such as bisphosphonates, or if you have severe osteoporosis.

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How is it treated?

Treatment for acute myeloid leukemia is vital. It varies with the patient and stage of the disease. Treatment options include

To diagnose osteoporosis and assess your risk of fracture and determine your need for treatment, your doctor will most likely order a bone density scan. This exam is used to measure bone mineral density (BMD). It is most commonly performed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) or bone densitometry.

 

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