Osteoporosis

Acute

What is Osteoporosis ?

Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become weak, brittle, and more likely to fracture. It develops silently over time and is especially common in older adults, particularly postmenopausal women.

Symptoms

  • Often asymptomatic until a fracture occurs
  • Back pain (due to vertebral compression fractures)
  • Loss of height over time
  • Stooped posture
  • Fragility fractures (especially hip, spine, and wrist)

Complaints

  • Fractures, particularly of the hip, spine, and wrist
  • Chronic pain and disability
  • Decreased mobility and independence
  • Increased risk of falls and further fractures
  • Higher mortality after hip fractures

Causes

  • Aging and hormonal changes (e.g., decreased estrogen after menopause)
  • Calcium and vitamin D deficiency
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Long-term use of corticosteroids
  • Certain medical conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disorders)

Prevention

  • Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D
  • Regular weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercises
  • Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol
  • Bone density screening for at-risk individuals
  • Fall prevention strategies

Risk Factors

  • Older age
  • Female sex, especially postmenopausal
  • Family history of osteoporosis
  • Low body weight or small frame
  • Smoking and alcohol use
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Certain medications and chronic diseases

Treatment

  • Calcium and vitamin D supplementation
  • Medications like bisphosphonates, denosumab, or hormone therapy
  • Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise)
  • Fall risk assessment and prevention
  • Monitoring bone density with DEXA scans

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